Pemilihan umum presiden (Pilpres) 2014 mempertemukan pasangan Jokowi-Jusuf Kalla dan Prabowo Subianto-Hatta Rajasa bertarung di tengah gelanggang. Siapa yang bakal menjadi pemimpin Indonesia dalam lima tahun ke depan? Simak liputannya di sini.
Blood transfusion is the transfer of blood or blood components from one person ( donor ) to another person ( the recipient ) .Transfusions are given to :
- Increase the blood's ability to transport oxygen
- Improving the body's blood volume
- Fixing immune
- Fix the freezing problem .
Depending on the reason for transfusion , could be given a full blood or blood components ( eg red blood cells , platelets , clotting factors , fresh frozen plasma / liquid part of blood or white blood cells ) .
If possible , it would be better if transfusions are given only consist of blood components required by the recipient .
Provide more specific components safe and not wasteful .
Current blood screening technique is already much better , so that transfusions are safer than ever before .
But still found the risk to the recipient , such as allergic reactions and infections .
Although the chances of developing AIDS or hepatitis through transfusion has been small , but should remain alert to these risks and transfusion should only be done if there is no other choice .
BLOOD COLLECTION & CLASS .
Blood donors ( donors ) screened their health condition .
Pulse rate , blood pressure and body temperature were measured , and blood samples screened for anemia .
Asked whether they have been or are currently suffering from a specific condition that causes the blood they are not eligible to donate .
That situation is hepatitis , heart disease , cancer ( except certain forms of skin cancer that is localized for example ) , severe asthma , malaria , bleeding disorders , AIDS and likely contaminated by the AIDS virus .
Hepatitis , pregnancy , major surgery that has just lived , high blood pressure is not controlled , low blood pressure , anemia , or use of certain medications ; may temporarily lead to non-fulfillment of the requirements for donating blood .
Typically donors are not allowed to donate blood more than 1 time every 2 months .
For qualified , donating blood is safe .
The entire process takes about 1 hour , taking his own blood only takes 10 minutes .
Usually there is a little pain when the needle is inserted , but after that the pain will disappear .
Standard units of blood draw only about 0.48 liters .
Fresh blood taken are stored in plastic bags already contain preservatives and anti- clotting components .
A small number of donor blood samples examined for the presence of infectious diseases such as AIDS , viral hepatitis and syphilis .
Refrigerated blood can be used in time for 42 days .
In certain circumstances , ( eg to preserve the rare blood type ) , red blood cells can be frozen and stored for up to 10 years .
Because blood transfusions are not matched with the recipient can be dangerous , then the blood is donated , are routinely classified by type ; whether class A , B , AB or O and Rh - positive or Rh - negative .
As a precaution the next , before starting the transfusion , the examiner mixing a drop of blood donors with recipient blood to ensure it fits : This technique is called cross -matching .
BLOOD & BLOOD COMPONENTS .
Someone who needs a large amount of blood in the immediate future ( eg due to severe bleeding ) , can receive a complete blood to help improve circulation and fluid volume .
Complete blood can also be provided if necessary blood components can not be given separately .
The most frequent blood components are transfused packed red blood cells ( PRC ) , which can improve the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood .
This component can be given to someone who is experiencing severe bleeding or anemia .
Which is much more expensive than the PRC is frozen - thawed red blood cells , which are usually reserved for the rare blood group transfusion .
Some people who need blood are allergic to blood donors .
If drugs can not prevent this allergic reaction , it must be given the red blood cells that have been washed .
The number of platelets is too little ( thrombocytopenia ) can cause spontaneous bleeding and severe .
Platelet transfusions can improve blood clotting ability .
Blood clotting factor is a plasma protein that normally work with platelets to help the blood freezing .
Without freezing , bleeding due to an injury will not stop .
Concentrated blood clotting factors that can be given to patients with congenital bleeding disorders , such as hemophilia or von Willebrand disease .
Plasma is also a source of blood clots faktro .
Fresh frozen plasma is used on a bleeding disorder , which is not known where the clotting factors are missing or if it can not be given blood clotting factors are concentrated .
Fresh frozen plasma is also used on the bleeding caused by the formation of clotting factor proteins inadequate , which is a result of liver failure .
Although rare , white blood cells transfused to treat life-threatening infections that patients with white blood cell counts are greatly reduced or patients whose white blood cells do not function normally .
In these circumstances usually used antibiotics .
Antibodies ( immunoglobulins ) , which is a component of blood to fight disease , also sometimes given to build up immunity to people who have been exposed to infectious diseases (such as chicken pox or hepatitis ) or in people who are low antibody levels .
SPECIAL PROCEDURES BLOOD DONOR .
In traditional transfusion , a complete blood donors donate and accept a recipient .
But this concept became widespread .
Depending on the circumstances , the recipient can only receive blood cells , or only receive clotting factor or just received some other blood components .
Transfusion of certain blood components allow special treatment , reducing the risk of side effects and can efficiently use the different components of one unit of blood to treat some patients .
In certain circumstances , the recipient can receive the full his own blood ( autologous transfusion ) .
Aferesis .
In aferesis , a donor gives only certain blood components required by the recipient .
If the recipient requires platelets , whole blood taken from a donor and a machine separates the blood into its components , by selectively separating the platelets and returns the rest of the blood to the donor .
Because most of the blood returned to the donor , the donor can safely give a platelet count as much as 8-10 times the first time this procedure .
Autologous transfusion .
The safest blood transfusion in which the donor is also applicable as a recipient , because it eliminates the risk of incompatibility and blood -borne diseases .
Sometimes if a patient is bleeding or surgery , blood can be collected and given back .
More often, it is the patients who donate blood will then be given again in a transfusion .
For example, a month before the surgery , some patients donated blood units for transfusion if needed during or after surgery .
Directed donor or prospective donor .
Family members or friends can donate blood specifically to each other , if the blood type of blood donors and recipients and matched Rhnya factors .
In some recipients , the donor knows will lead to a feeling of calm , although the blood from a family member or friend has not been definitely safer than the blood of strangers .
Blood from family members treated with irradiation to prevent chronic graft - versus - host , which although rare, but more common when there is a blood relationship between donor and recipient .
PRECAUTIONS & REACTION .
To minimize the possibility of a reaction during transfusion , performed some precautions .
After blood rechecked that it is intended to be provided to recipients who will receive the blood , the officer slowly giving blood to the recipient , usually for 2 hours or more for each unit of blood .
Because most of the incompatibility reaction occurs dalam15 first minute , then at the beginning of the procedure , the recipient must be closely monitored .
After that , the officer can check every 30-45 minutes and if the incompatibility reaction occurs , the transfusion must be stopped .
Most transfusions are safe and successful : but mild reactions can sometimes occur , while severe and fatal reactions are rare.
The most common reactions are fever and allergic reactions ( hypersensitivity ) , which occurs approximately 1-2 % on every transfusion .
Symptoms include :
- Hives
- redness
- swelling
- dizziness
- fever
- Headaches .
Rare symptoms are difficulty breathing , wheezing and muscle spasms .
Rarer still is a pretty severe allergic reaction .
Although the classification is done and carefully cross -matching , but the error is still possible that the donated red blood cells are destroyed immediately after transfusion ( hemolitik0 reaction .
This reaction usually begins as discomfort or anxiety during or shortly after transfusion .
Sometimes there is difficulty breathing , chest tightness , redness in the face and severe back pain .
On very rare occasions , these reactions can become more severe and can even be fatal .
To strengthen the allegations of hemolytic reaction , performed to see whether there hemoglogin in blood and urine of patients .
Recipients may experience excess fluid .
The most sensitive is the recipient of this heart disease , so that the transfusion is done more slowly and closely monitored .
Chronic graft - versus - host is a rare complication , which is primarily about people who have impaired immune systems due to drugs or disease .
In this disease , tissue recipient ( host ) are attacked by white blood cells of donor ( graft ) .
Symptoms include fever , redness , low blood pressure , tissue damage and shock .